International container transportation way

Because the container is a new way of modern transportation, it with the traditional goods transportation, there are many different practice is different also, currently on the international container transport is not an effective and the unity of the generally accepted practices. But in the process of container specific business, countries in general practice approximation, is based on the current international usual practice of container business, brief introduction is as follows:

According to the container cargo packing quantity and the way can be divided into two kinds of FCL and LCL.

(1) the whole case (Full Container Load, FCL). Refers to the goods after the goods to fill the whole case, on its own in box checked the container. This kind of situation in the shipper has enough supply of goods loading one or several commonly used when the whole case, besides some big the shipper own premises have container, are generally to the carrier or container leasing company hire a certain number of container. Empty containers to the factory or warehouse after customs personnel under the supervision of the owner to have the goods loaded box, lock, aluminum seal carrier and get yard receipt after, finally a receipt for the bill of lading or air waybill.

(2) the LCL (Less Than Container Load, LCL). Refers to the carrier (or agent) to accept the shipper checked the number of less than full container freight receipts, according to the nature and destination for sorting. Put the goods to the same destination, to focus on a certain amount of assembled into the box. Due to a different inside the suitcase is the owner of the goods together, so called LCL. This kind of situation in the shipper checked shortage is used when filled with the whole case. LCL cargo classification, sorting, concentration, packing (devanning), delivery, etc are carrier port container freight station or inland container transfer station.

As mentioned above, the container freight is divided into two FCL and LCL, so on the way of transition is also different, in the current international practice, generally has the following four categories:

(1) the whole case, FCL (FCL/FCL)

The owner of the goods at the factory or warehouse filled with goods after the whole case over to the carrier, the consignee at the destination in the same box receiving, in other words, the carrier is an unit with the whole case is responsible for the handover. Packing and unpacking of goods shall be the responsibility of the goods.

(2) LCL, devanning (LCL/LCL)

Receipts will be less than the whole case the owners of the checked goods in container freight station or inland transfer station to the carrier, the carrier is responsible for the LCL cargo transportation and packing, Stuffing, and Vanning to destination or inland transfer station, the carrier is responsible for the split open a case (Unstuffing, Devantting), after unpacking, the consignee pick up the goods against documents. The goods by the carrier is responsible for packing and unpacking.

(3) the whole case, split open a case (FCL/LCL)

Owner of the goods at the factory or warehouse the whole case over to the carrier, after packed with the goods at the destination of the container freight station or by the carrier is responsible for unpacking of inland transfer stations, each voucher consignee pick up the goods.

(4) the LCL, FCL pick (FCL/LCL)

Receipts will be less than the whole case the owners of the checked goods in container freight station or handed over to the carrier of inland transfer stations. Adjusted by the carrier classification, to centralize the consignee's goods assembled into the whole case, transported to the destination, the carrier to the whole case, the consignee to the whole case.

The various ways to transition to the whole case, the whole case works best, and most can play to the superiority of the container.

Container cargo transfer, depending on the handover location specified in the terms of trade generally divided into:

(1) Door to Door (to) feel feel: from the shipper factory or warehouse to the consignee's factory or warehouse.

(2) the Door (present feel to CY) : from the shipper factory or warehouse to the port of destination or unloading box container yard;

(3) the Door station (feel to CFS) : from the shipper factory or warehouse to the port of destination or unloading box container freight station;

(4) the Door (CY to feel) : from the port of shipment or packing of the container yard to consignee's factory or warehouse;

(5) to (CY to CY) : from the port of shipment or packing yard container yard to the port of destination or unloading box;

(6) station (CY to CFS) : from the port of shipment or packing of the container yard to the port of destination or unloading box container freight station.

(7) stand to DOor (CFS to feel) : from the port of shipment or packing container freight station to consignee's factory or warehouse;

(8) stand to be present to CY (CFS) : from the port of shipment or packing container freight station and container yard of destination or port of discharge box;

(9) station arrive station (CFS to CFS) : from the port of shipment or packing container freight station to the destination or port of discharge tank container freight station.

More than nine transition way, further can be summarized as the following four ways:

(1) door to door: the mode of transportation is characterized by that in the whole transport process, completely is the container transport, and transport of goods, so the most suitable for the whole case, the whole case.

(2) operations: the door to this kind of mode of transportation is characterized by, by the gate to the yard for container transport, from the terminal to door is the transport of goods, so it is suitable for the whole case, split open a case.

(3) terminal to door: the mode of transportation is characterized by that the door to the terminal is the transport of goods, from the terminal to the door is container transportation, so it is suitable for LCL, FCL.

(4) terminal to terminal: this mode of transport is characterized by, in addition to the middle period of for container transport, inland transportation are at the ends of the transport of goods, so it is suitable for LCL, devanning.

About the definition of the container, over the years at home and abroad experts and scholars there exist certain differences. Now with the international organization for standardization (ISO) introduce the following definition of a container, the international organization for standardization (ISO) defined as under the container "container is a transportation equipment, shall meet the following requirements:

(1) excellent durability, its strong intensity can use repeatedly;

(2) easy to transport goods, specially designed for one or more in the mode of transportation in transportation without midway change;

(3) there is convenient for loading and unloading and handling device, especially easy to move from one mode of transportation to another kind of transportation way;

(4) the design should pay attention to facilitate cargo fill or discharge empty;

(5) the content of product is 1 square meters or more than 1 square meters.

The word container does not include vehicle or traditional packaging.

At present, China, Japan, the United States, France and other countries in the world, are comprehensively introduced the definition of the international organization for standardization. In addition to the definition of ISO, and the container customs convention (CCC), the convention on the safety of international container (CSC), the national standards and the north Pacific Ocean liner conference on container under the definition, content basically the same. China's national standard GB1992-85 "the container name terms," quotes the above definition.

The standard of container

In order to effectively carry out international container multimodal transport, must strengthen the standardization of container, should further increase container standardization work. Container standard according to the scope of use, with international standards, national standards, regional standards and company standards.

Refers to according to the international organization for standardization (ISO) 104 technical committee of international standards to build and use the international general standard container.

Container standardization through a development process. The international organization for standardization (ISO/TC104 technical committee since it was founded in 1961, the container international standards for many times add, and modify the increase or decrease, the current international standards for the 1 series, a total of 13 kinds of its width are the same length (2438 mm), there are four (12192 mm and 12192 mm, 6058 mm and 2991 mm), there are four highly (2896 mm and 2896 mm, 2438 mm, 2438 mm). As shown in the table. 2 and 3 series are demoted to technical report.

Governments with reference to international standards and to consider their own specific circumstances, and develop their own container standard.

The current national standard "rated container outside dimensions and weight (GB1413-85) in the containers of various types of external dimensions, tolerances and the rated weight, see table.

Standard, this kind of container is organized by region according to the region's special situation, this kind of container is only applicable to the region. Such as international railway according to the European Union (VIC) formulated by the container built standard container.

Some large container ship company, according to the specific circumstances and conditions of the company and formulating standard of container shipping companies, such cases mainly used in the company within the scope of transportation. Such as the United States company 35 ft container the land and sea.

In addition, the current world there are many non-standard containers. Such as non-standard length 35 ft container with U.S. marines company 45 ft container, the shipping company and 48 ft container; Height of non-standard containers, 9.5 ft 9 ft and two main height of container; Such as non-standard breadth, width of container is 8.2 ft container. Because of the economic benefit drive, the 20 ft container gross weight in the world today to 24 ft of more and more, and generally welcomed.

The types of containers

With the development of container transportation, in order to meet the need of different kinds of goods in the loading, thus appeared the different kinds of containers. The containers not only appearance is different, and structure, strength and size is not the same. According to the purpose of the container is different and has the following several points.

1. The Dry Container (Dry Cargo Container)

Also known as general cargo container, this is a generic container, in addition to loading liquid cargo, need adjust temperature generally breakbulk cargo and special cargo. This kind of container to use a wide range, commonly used have 20 ft and 40 ft two kinds, the characteristics of the structure are often as enclosed, generally has the door at one end or side.

2. Open Top containers, Open Top Container

Also known as the open top container, this is a no rigid box on the top of the container, but have a collapsible top beam support canvas, plastic sheeting or plastic coated cloth canopy, other components are similar to the cargo container. High open top container for loading large cargo and lifting heavy stuff.

3. Stage posture and Platform COntainer (Platform -based COntainer)

Stage posture of container is no roof and side wall, and some even removed and only bottom end wall and four Angle of the container.

There are different kinds of stage posture container. Their main features are: in order to maintain its longitudinal strength, thicker at the bottom. The intensity of the bottom of the container, larger than normal and its internal height is lower than general container. Operates on the lower side beam and Angle ring, the goods can be loaded fasten. Stage posture container no water tightness, fear of water wet goods cannot be shipped, is suitable for the cargo loading of different shapes.

Stage posture container can be divided into: open side stage posture, the whole skeleton stage posture, a complete fixed end wall stage posture, gratuitous only fixed Angle and base plate stage posture container, etc.

And supreme department structure of the base platform container is only a container. The container loading and unloading operation, convenient and suitable for the long, big load.

4. Ventilated Container (Ventilated Container)

Ventilated container generally has a vent on the wall or end walls is suitable for loading does not need to ventilation, prevent sweat in frozen goods, such as fruits, vegetables, etc. If the vent closed, can be used as general cargo container.

5. Reefer Container (Reefer Container)

It is designed for transport requirement to maintain a certain temperature of freezing goods or goods at low temperature and design of the container. It is divided into working with refrigerator mechanical refrigerated container and no external mechanical refrigerated container type refrigerator. For meat, fruit and other goods. Reefer container cost is higher, higher operating costs, the use of refrigeration units should be paid attention to in the state of technology and the temperature needed for the goods in the cabinet.

6. Bulk Container, Bulk Container)

Bulk container in addition to outside the box, the box at the top of the 2 ~ 3 also has a port of loading, is suitable for loading powder or granular goods. When used to keep the clean, maintain smooth on both sides, is advantageous for the goods from the door.

7. Animals COntainer (Pen COntainer)

This is a kind of livestock container for shipment. In order to achieve good ventilation, the walls made of wire mesh, below the side wall is equipped with cleaning the mouth and drain, and the feeding device.

Tank containers, Tank Container) 8.

This is a kind of liquid cargo for shipment and set up the container, such as alcohol, oil and liquid chemicals and other goods. It consists of two parts, tanks and box body framework, when loading the goods by top loading holes in, during discharge, by the row of goods flow hole or sucked out from the top hole of loading.

9. Car Container (Car Container)

It is designed for small cars and the design and manufacture of container shipment. Its structure characteristic is no side, only with the framework and the bottom, can load a layer or two cars.

Due to the container in transit is often affected by various forces and the environment, so the container manufacturing materials to have enough stiffness and strength, should try to use light quality, high strength, durability, low maintenance cost of materials, and materials as well as low cost, and easy to obtain.

At present, widely used in the world container according to the classification of main material is:

1. The steel container

The framework and the box wall is made of steel. Biggest advantage is that the intensity is high, the cell structure, good weldability and water tightness, low price, easy to repair, not easy to damage, the main drawback is that since the big, poor corrosion resistance.

2. Aluminum container

Aluminum container has two kinds: one kind of steel aluminum plate; Another kind of steel on both ends of the frame, only the rest with aluminum. Main advantage is light weight, not the rusty silicon bligh table is beautiful, good elasticity, not easy deformation, the main disadvantage is high cost, easily damaged by collision.

3. The stainless steel container

General use stainless steel tank container. Stainless steel container main advantages are high intensity, good rust resistance and corrosion resistance, the disadvantage is that large investment.

4. Glass steel container

Glass fiber reinforced plastic containers are on the steel frame with glass fiber reinforced plastic composite panels. Insulating main advantage is stays, good anticorrosion chemical resistance and strength of daqu (sex good, can bear large stress, easy to clean, convenient repair, larger container product content, etc.; the main drawback is that gravity is larger, the cost is higher.

The characteristics of container transportation

Exists because of the general bulk cargo transportation for a long time, low efficiency of loading and unloading and transportation, time is long, s, cargo damage is serious, affect the quality of freight, the freight is cumbersome, affect work efficiency, so to the shipper, the ship company and port economic disadvantage of negative effect. In order to solve the general cargo ship transport bulk cargo is unable to overcome the above shortcomings, practice has proved that only through the container transportation, to thoroughly solve the problem above.

How to accelerate the circulation of goods process, reduce the circulation cost, save the labor cost of logistics, fast, low consumption, high efficiency and high benefit to complete the transportation process and reach the destination delivery the goods to the consignee, which requires the change the mode of transportation, make it become a kind of high efficiency, high benefit and high quality of transportation mode of transportation, container transport, it is such a mode of transportation. It has the following characteristics.

A, cost-effective mode of transportation

Container transport high economic benefits mainly embodied in the following aspects:

1. Simplified packaging, a large number of cut down the cost of packaging. To avoid the goods damaged during transit, there must be a strong packing, the container has the characteristics of strong, seal, its itself is a kind of very good packaging. Use container packaging can be simplified, some even do not need to packaging, break-bulk without packing and shipping, can greatly cut down the cost of packaging.

2, reduce s cargo damage, improve the quality of cargo. Because the container is a solid sealed box body, the container is in itself a strong packing. After a container and seal, do not need to split open a case on the way down, a ticket to the end, even after long-distance transportation or change for many times, is not easy to damage to the goods in the cabinet. Container transport can reduce theft, wet, dirty and damage caused by goods, welcome by the shipper and the shipping company, and because the cargo damage rate reduce, reduce the waste of social wealth, also has great social benefits.

3. Reduce operating costs, reduce the transportation cost, due to the container loading and unloading is basically not affected by the influence of the bad weather, the ship unproductive berthing time shortened, and owing to the high efficiency of loading and unloading, loading and unloading time, for shipping company, can increase the rate of navigation, reduce shipping costs, for port, berth capacity can be increased and thus improve throughput, increase their income.

Second, the high efficient mode of transportation

Traditional mode of transportation with loading and unloading of links, low labor strength, loading and unloading efficiency, ship turnover shortcomings such as slow. And container transport has completely changed the situation.

First of all, the ordinary cargo loading and unloading, the average per hour is about 35 t, and container loading and unloading, per hour up to 400 t, loading and unloading efficiency is greatly improved. At the same time, because the container loading and unloading mechanization degree is high, so each team requires only a few number of stevedore, the average worker's labor productivity is greatly increased.

In addition, because of the high efficiency of container loading and unloading, affected by the climate, small ships in the port of residence time is greatly shortened, and the ship voyage time shortened, ship flow is accelerated, sailing rate is greatly increased, ship production efficiency is improved, thus, improve the ability of shipping, without any increase in the number of vessels, can get more traffic, increase the revenue, so high efficiency lead to high benefit.

Third, the mode of transportation of high investment

Container transportation is an efficient mode of transportation, but it is also a kind of capital intensive industry. First of all, the shipping company must make huge investments to the ship and container. According to relevant data show that container ships per cubic foot of cost about 3.7 ~ 4 times of general cargo ship. Container investment is quite large, the high investment needed for container shipping, making the total cost of the shipping company occupies a large proportion of the fixed cost, up to more than two-thirds.

Second, the port container transportation investment is also quite big. Dedicated container berth wharf facilities including QQCT and frontier, freight yard, freight station, maintenance workshop, the control tower, the porter, and container handling machinery, expensive.

Moreover, for the container multimodal transport, the event within shall have the relevant facilities and inland freight station, etc., in order to form a complete set of construction, which requires construction, expansion, reconstruction, update the existing roads, railways, Bridges, culverts, etc., the investment is amazing! Visible and don't have enough money to carry out the container transport, it is difficult to realize the containerization, must according to the national strengths, and finally realize the containerization.

Four, high collaboration mode of transportation

Container transportation is broad, links, big influence, is a complex transportation systems engineering. Container transportation system including transportation by sea, land and air transportation, ports, freight station and container transport related customs, commodity inspection, shipping agency, freight forwarding companies and other units and departments. If improper cooperate with each other, will affect the whole transportation system function of the play, if a link error, will impact the global, and even lead to transport production downtime and interruption. Therefore, do a good job in every link of the whole transportation system requirements, highly collaboration between departments, and only in this way, in order to ensure the high efficiency of container transport system.

Fifth, suitable for multimodal transport organization

Because of the container transport change between different transport modes, there is no need to transport the goods in the cabinet and need to change the container, this change improved the working efficiency, suitable for the combined transport between different mode of transportation. When change transport, customs and other relevant regulators need to seal or check transit release, so as to improve the efficiency of transportation.

In addition, because of international container transport and multimodal transport is a high demand for capital intensive, technology intensive and management of the industry, is a complex transportation system engineering, which requires the management personnel, technical personnel, business personnel with high quality, can be competent, to give full play to the advantages of international container transportation.